Projects

Abstract:

Internationally, the risk of horses suffering a catastrophic musculoskeletal (MS) injury during jumps races is greater than seen in flat racing. Although Jumps racing in New Zealand has a low level of participation, making up only 4% of races, a cluster of fatalities reported in jumps races in New Zealand in 2016 has once again raised the public profile of this discipline. Arguments regarding the associated risks and the safety and welfare of horses in racing have been raised. The rate of horse fatalities and musculoskeletal injuries occurring in jumps races in New Zealand has, however, not been documented. Although international studies have identified key risk factors relating to falls and injury during jumps races, factors specific to the racing environment in New Zealand have not been
investigated. Furthermore, cross-disciplinary studies are required to provide an integrated approach to assessing the social, economic and welfare challenges surrounding jump racing. The aim of the study is to utilise industry data and reports to determine the rate of fatalities and MS injury during jumps races. Furthermore, specific factors associated with the risk of MS injury will be identified. The outcome of this work will provide evidence for informed decisions on the viability of jump racing in New Zealand to be made, as well as providing an assessment of the risk of welfare compromise.

Abstract:

All agricultural enterprises in New Zealand must comply with the nutrient management plan regulations enforced by regional councils. Historically, equine properties have not been included in these regulations. However, the Waikato Regional Council has signalled that by 2029 all commercial equine properties will require a nutrient management plan. At present the software used to calculate nutrient management by the regional councils assumes the horse is the same as 14 sheep. This results in overestimation of the nutrient loss on equine properties and would require significant destocking to meet the nutrient loss minimum levels. This need for destocking would prevent the seasonal increase in stock numbers associated with the breeding season on thoroughbred stud farms and would therefore prevent commercial breeding on Thoroughbred breeding farms. This project will collate New Zealand horse production data and generate best estimates of horse and farm level data to be included in the nutrient management software. The project will also develop models of the different commercial equine activities in New Zealand (e.g. stud farm and racing stables) to include in the nutrient management software to generate the most accurate estimates of nutrient loss from New Zealand equine properties.

Abstract:

Jockey’s have an integral role in the quality of racing and the welfare of the race horse. However, despite this pivotal role there is limited data published on the physiological challenges of race riding and the influence muscular fatigue. In addition to the lack of data on the physical demands of race riding there has be limited attention paid to the risk factors for jockeys being dislodged during a race or having a horse fall. Examination of the race records for the last 15 years will provide data on jockey workload, career length, and what race, and horse, characteristics increase the risk of jockey falls during a race.
This project looks the physical demands of race day riding, what muscles are used and how best to train and condition jockeys. Data will be collected while the jockeys ride work to identify the muscles used, the time to fatigue, and the inter-relationship of this with the synchronisation of the jockey with the horse. Based on this data an intervention programme will be developed to provide a strength and conditioning programme specifically for jockeys. This programme would be a world first and will help promote the high welfare standards within the New Zealand racing industry.

Abstract:

Increased public awareness of animal welfare issues has resulted in the need for racing jurisdictions to accurately measure the risk of injury and death to racing horses. Recent work by our group highlighted the reasons why horses fail to finish a race and identified a lower rate of musculoskeletal injury during flat races in New Zealand than other racing jurisdictions. The Racing Injury Project aims to provide evidence that can be used by stakeholders to help inform policies and strategies to improve the prevention of injuries in racing. This project will build on our previous work to identify the specific reasons for injury and death in racing Thoroughbreds in New Zealand. Injury and performance data up to the 2018 racing season will be compiled and analysed to identify the veterinary events occurring during racing, and determine the number and different types of catastrophic injuries sustained by horses during trialing and racing. The outcomes of this project can be used by policy makers to develop strategies to minimize the risk of racing injuries and improve the welfare of racing horses.

Abstract:

Initial work was done with stem cells derived from the actual patient but, more recently, interest has increased in allogenic derived cells (from another horse). This study aims to identify equine bone marrow derived stem cells that are optimally suited for transfer from one horse to another. In a previous study, cells were harvested from donor horses, cultured, and cell surface markers identified. Now, we would like to use our knowledge of the cell surface markers to determine how these markers affect the recipient's immune system. Our hypothesis is that cells lacking markers that stimulate the immune system are most readily accepted by a recipient horse. In order to determine if our hypothesis is correct, we will use our previously characterized cells to compare those cells expressing immune-reactive markers to cells with no or very low expression of these markers. The stem cells will be cultured with white blood cells. Immune stimulation will be determined by testing the white blood cells for changes in their protein expression, for cell division which occurs when lymphocytes are activated and for white blood cell survival. The stem cells will be monitored for their survival and for changes in RNA expression. Our intention is to identify those cells that are
the least likely to be rejected by the immune system, as potential universal donors for equine patients. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.617647/full; https://stemcellres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13287-021-02624-y

Abstract:

Shortened egg reappearance periods (ERP) provide an early warning of developing anthelmintic resistance. The ERP is the time after anthelmintic treatment that an animal's faeces is free of parasite eggs , until the next generation of adult parasites commences egg laying. A shortened ERP means that whilst egg-laying adults are still being killed, efficacy against earlier larval stages has declined. and after treatment, the larvae finish development and eggs reappear earlier. Horse parasite populations vary on a seasonal basis with more larval stages present in winter, but so far the impact of this on egg reappearance periods is unknown. If season does influence the ERP then this may be an important factor in deciding when it is best to do such testing. In addition , there are questions around which anthelmintics provide the best efficacy against worms that are developing resistance, and whether the resistance recorded many years ago to some older anthelmintics is still present. The latter is important since it affects the likely usefulness of the older drugs - if there has been some reversion towards susceptibility, then more use can be made of them , especially in the likely absence of any new anthelmintics at least in the short term.

Abstract:

Previous studies have shown that despite high fertilization rates occurring in the oviduct of the horses, the first cycle conception rate in New Zealand Thoroughbreds is only 53%. This represents a 47% failure rate in the ability of the mare to support the early stages of embryo development. To further our understanding of early embryonic development we propose to develop an in vitro model which will compare the metabolism of in vivo and in vitro derived embryos. In other species, the metabolism of glucose and the production of lactate have been predictive of embryo viability. Furthermore the glucose requirements of embryos in other species vary between males and females. This is of ecological significance and a gender bias associated with changing body condition score at the time of conception in Kaimanawa horses has been reported in New Zealand. Therefore, our study will examine the metabolism of embryos based on gender and source (in vivo versus in vitro) and use that data to determine if embryo metabolism outcomes can be predictive of viability. Then we will be able to examine the metabolism requirements of embryos by gender in an effort to optimise the culture conditions for our in vitro model of early embryo development. This study will have benefits for understanding infertility in all horses as well as developing in vitro options for managing fertility in standardbreds and sporthorses.

Abstract:

A Novel Load Cell-Supported Research Platform to Measure Vertical and Horizontal Motion of a Horse's Centre of Mass During Trailer Transport": https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0737080621000381

Abstract:

Endometritis is the inflammation of uterine lining. In mares, mating can induce a self-limiting endometritis, which is normally cleared within 48 hrs. However, some mares are unable to resolve the inflammation within the time frame, which creates an environment unfavourable for embryo implantation and development. Persistent endometritis may affect 10-15% of broodmares and it is one of the major concerns of equine infertility. Currently there is no optimal treatment for this condition though the common practices include using ecbolic agent to induce uterus contraction; chemical curettage followed by uterus lavage. Systematic administration of corticosteroid and the use of mycobacterial cell wall extract have also been investigated. We have discovered that allogenic embryo-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ED MSC) may hold curative potential. There is growing evidence that extracellular vesicles rather than MSCs themselves provide many of the benefits of MSC therapies. Therefore we are funded to conduct a three arm cross-over trial to test the efficacy of EDMSCs or EVs from EDMSCs against a control. Here we are seeking additional funding to allow the collection of endometrial biopsies before and after treatment as well as uterine lavages to investigate the antiinflammatory mechanism of these treatments. Information gained from this project will shed light on mechanisms by which MSCs are anti-inflammatory and will aid the translation of their use into clinical practice in endometritis and other inflammatory diseases.

Abstract:

Recommendations for internal parasite control for horses are changing due to emerging parasite resistance. Traditionally, parasite control has been achieved by frequent routine administration of broad-spectrum drenches to all animals. However, this practice now threatens the health and welfare of horses because many worm populations have become resistant to the drugs.

Researchers around the world have been working to find solutions to this emerging problem focussing on how maintain good parasite control and horse health while reducing the speed of development of resistance to the available drugs. Recently, researchers from the USA and New Zealand have combined to develop computer models capable of assessing which treatment regimens are likely to be effective at slowing the development of resistance. These new approaches to worm control in horses will constitute the new ‘Best Practice’ advice to horse owners.

However, these new approaches need to be tested in the field to ensure their applicability to New Zealand horses, and provide scientific evidence of their efficacy to veterinarians and horse owners. The purpose of this project is to field-test the new Best Practice recommendations for control of both cyathostomin and Parascaris parasites of horses to ensure they maintain good parasite control and horse health.

Abstract:

Data collection, which involves horses trotting and
cantering over a perturbing riding surface. The horse will travel along a runway in which one stance phase
will be perturbed by a softer than expected footing, and a harder than expected footing, to determine
whether the horse can adapt its limb stiffness during the perturbed stance phase, or not until the following
stance phase, at which point the surface will have returned to its normal state. The kinematic and force
data generated in these trials will be input to the model and ligament and tendon stresses predicted from
the 3D joint displacements and the known soft tissue properties of the ligaments and tendons.

Abstract:

New Zealand is a country with many natural hazards. Research from overseas and anecdotal experience in the Edgecombe floods of 2017, has shown that people responsible for animals often fail to evacuate putting themselves and their animals at risk. Recent research in Australia has demonstrated that when horse owners are forced to leave without their horses, they will attempt to return home, endangering their lives and those of others including family, friends and relief personnel. Therefore, if we want to keep people and their horses safe, we need to help owners develop preparedness through emergency plans that include their horses. In a New Zealand first, this study aims to assess the current preparedness level of New Zealand horse owners to evacuate themselves and their horses should there be a natural disaster.

To answer questions around preparedness an online questionnaire comprising of five sections was developed in Qualtrics (online software).The first section assesses eligibility and only allows respondents living in New Zealand, current owned horses, and those 18 years or older to answer the remaining questions. The second section of the survey collects demographic data on the respondent, number and type of horses owned and whether the horses are kept at their home or work. The second section captures data on the water sources and whether they required electricity. The third part collects information about the risk of flooding at the property where the horse is housed. The final section consists of a series of questions aimed at assessing how quickly a person could evacuate their horses and how well prepared they would be to do so. For example, it includes questions about how quickly the horses loaded in normal circumstances and during a storm, whether there was a grab bag with appropriate equipment, and how long it would take to grab sufficient food and water for three days.

Eight hundred and twenty-nine (829) people clicked on the survey link, and 718 were eligible. The next stage of the project will involve a detailed analysis of the responses to assess horses owners preparedness. The results of the study will provide vital information to assist emergency respondents in planning for the evacuation of people and horses.

Abstract:

Stem cell research is a dynamic and exciting field, with particular relevance to the treatment of joint disease in the equine athlete. In the last decade, numerous studies have been published on the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from various sources (adipose, bone marrow and umbilical derived) in a variety of musculoskeletal diseases in the horse. More recently co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with chondrocytes has been investigated for cartilage repair applications in humans and in animal models with favourable results. Culturing the two cells types together has a synergistic effect on proliferation, gene expression and the production of an extracellular matrix that is more similar to native cartilage.

Though there is growing evidence that allogeneic MSCs and safe to use, the same principles cannot be applied to chondrocytes. Unlike MSCs, chondrocytes are differentiated cells that are not immune-privileged. Therefore, viable tissue engineering strategies currently rely on autologous chondrocytes. Obtaining autologous articular chondrocytes from the articular cartilage involves invasive procedures and typically necessitates general anaesthesia, making this an impractical process for equine patients. Recent work in the human field has sought to utilize other sources of chondrocytes and facilitate more practical, less invasive means of attaining autologous chondrocytes for cartilage tissue engineering strategies by harvesting chondrocytes from nasal cartilage. Nasal cartilage can be obtained easily and safely in human patients. Currently, no similar protocols exist for the horse. Furthermore, it is essential to establish that chondrocytes obtained from nasal cartilage are equivalent to those from articular cartilage for co-culture application for cartilage tissue engineering.

The objective of this project will be to evaluate the co-culture of equine umbilical cord blood derived MSCs with nasal and articular chondrocytes. For the purpose of this project, eUC-MSCs that are already banked will be utilised along with chondrocytes harvested (with permission) from horses that were recently euthanised in the Massey Equine teaching hospital. The co-cultured pellets will be analysed by safranin-O staining, and for amount of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesised per cell will via dimethyl-methylene blue (DMMB) dye assay in conjunction with total DNA (Cyquant kit) to give a quantitative indication of GAG/DNA. Furthermore, sections will be stained immunofluorescently for collagen type I, collagen type II and aggrecan to verify RT-PCR data.

Abstract:

Musculoskeletal injury is the single largest reason for involuntary loss of equine athletes in racing and other equestrian sports. Despite understanding some of the risk factors for different injuries we still have relatively poor understanding of the early developmental processes (molecular and DNA level) that place horses at risk to injury. With the increasing development of molecular technology in laboratory species (rodents) we are starting to understand how quickly the animal responds to exercise and how this response either protects or predisposes the animal to injury. This project utilises cell free RNA data for specific genes associated with bone development and change from two unique data sets to establish baseline data on the response of the juvenile horse (less than 18 months) and the mature horse to exercise. The juvenile data will help us understand the normal pattern of growth and development when at pasture, and from those at pasture with extra canter exercise. The mature horse data will be collected from endurance horses and provides a unique model of the response of horses to large volumes of moderate intensity exercise. Together these data sets permit identification of the genetic response of juvenile and adult horses’ musculoskeletal system to moderate level exercise.

Abstract:

This project once completed will produce a sustained improvement in the quality and quantity of equine health related information available in New Zealand

Abstract:

A retrospective study of case files from ACC. Closed and active ACC files will
be solicited from 2005 - 2015. Requested injury claim files will have the term "horse, horses,
pony, ponies or equine". Cohorts associated with the workplace (e.g. farms) and recreational
activities will be separated. Distributions of ages (using the categories defined by the ACC)
and incidence will be plotted, confidence intervals calculated and Fishers exact or Wilcoxon
sign tests used to examine associations with rates of injury. Gender, ethnicity, claim type, ACC
account types, injury sites, causes, diagnoses, sports related, scenes and regions will be
evaluated for injury association. The use of basic protective equipment will be evaluated for
their impact on injury. Associations will be considered significant for p < 0.05. Variables with p < 0.20 will then be assessed for inclusion into a multivariable model.

Abstract:

Smart or interactive textiles are an emerging area experiencing huge global growth (Markets and Markets, 2013). A leading area of application development is medical and healthcare. The benefits that smart textiles have brought to the medical and healthcare industry - e.g. in bio-monitoring and therapeutic areas (e.g. www.mtbhomer.com & www.aiqsmartclothing.com) - have not been so readily incorporated in other areas such as animal care. The aim of this research project is to investigate a smart textile application for equine care. The goal is to a design a textile-based sensor that reacts to exogenous stimuli and is linked to a stimulator to provide Vil5nHi6n therapy. Traditional vibration therapy equipment is cumbersome and bulky (e.g. www.equissage.com.au/equissageproducts/ Equissage-Massage-Therapy) but the use of smart textile technologies can integrate this system into flexible electronic fabrics in the form of bandages and wraps.

Abstract:

This a Summer Scholarship Research project completed over the summer of 2015/2016.

Abstract:

The equine industry is facing a serious problem with its supply chain. The number of horses entering race training is declining, with many of those failing to ever start in a race, resulting in a low number of career starts per horse. There is growing evidence to show that morphological changes at sites of condylar fracture in the cannon bone occur before training has even begun, suggesting factors related to early bone and joint development may contribute to later musculoskeletal problems. It is also being increasingly recognised that the chemical structure and composition (microstructure) of bone has a vital role to play in its fracture resistance, since very minor variations in the bone mineral or collagen at the molecular level can change the properties of the whole bone, including its strength and ability to resist fracture. Previous work has established that there are microstructural differences in bone at fracture predisposition and control sites and between individuals with normal and abnormal cartilage. The goal of this project is to develop the experimental methodology to allow bone samples to be analysed with no prior preparation, enabling the project to be moved towards the ultimate aim of non-invasive analysis in live horses.

Abstract:

Fractures of the cannon and other bones in the fetlock joint are common, can have tragic consequences, and are related to distances and speeds at which Thoroughbreds race and train. A new approach is to develop a technology array that can predict fetlock joint fracture risk in an individual horse, based upon shape, bone density and forces acting on the joint. Such models have enormous potential as clinical tools to prevent catastrophic injury. This project aims to develop the first component of the array, a statistical Shape Model, to predict the size and shape of the joint surfaces, and bone mineral densities at all points beneath the joint surfaces, using data from routine digital imaging. The model will indicate how mechanical stress, the key biomechanical determinant of fracture, is distributed into the underlying bone, and predict risk of fracture in particular sites. We will study the relationships between joint size, joint shape features, and bone mineral densities in 40 pairs of thoroughbred fetlock joints using state-of-the-art shape modelling techniques and statistical prediction methods already being applied in human fracture risk strategies, to produce the Shape Model. The resulting ‘fracture prediction tool’ will enable rapid on-screen reconstruction of individual anatomy, which with workload data (the second part of the array) and clinical assessment, will improve fracture risk prediction.

Abstract:

The physical properties of riding and racing surfaces have been associated with catastrophic injury and wastage in horses. Surfaces have been studied with regard to their ability to absorb the concussive forces between the horse’s hoof and the surface, and the surface can be measured in terms of its ‘hardness’. Most of the work done has been epidemiological and related to description of the surface. There is an important gap in our knowledge concerning how the equine limb responds to variation in surface properties. The horse can use its limb muscles to stiffen the limb or make it more compliant. With the advent of new software for musculoskeletal modelling, it is now possible to predict the amplitude and timing of this limb response from the surface properties. We propose to model the equine limbs using AnyBody® and to use our new gait analysis hardware and software to challenge the model to respond to variable inputs that are representative of real variations in racetrack surface integrity. The outcome will help to guide the assessment and maintenance of racetrack surfaces for the prevention of catastrophic injury and wastage.

Abstract:

Early work on the use of stem cells for equine orthopaedic disease has shown
some benefit for soft tissue lesions and articular cartilage damage. This study aims to
identify equine bone marrow derived stem cells that are best suited for transfer from one
horse to another by identifying cell surface markers. Cells will be harvested from donor
horses, cultured, and cell surface markers identified and monitored. Non-stem cells will be Early work on the use of stem cells for equine orthopaedic disease has shown
some benefit for soft tissue lesions and articular cartilage damage. This study aims to
identify equine bone marrow derived stem cells that are best suited for transfer from one
horse to another by identifying cell surface markers. Cells will be harvested from donor
horses, cultured, and cell surface markers identified and monitored. Non-stem cells will be removed as they loose their ability to grow on culture plates. Using modern cell sorting
techniques, cells that adhere to the plate will be tested and their cell surface markers will
be determined. These markers will allow us to create a stem cell 'fingerprint' that will
allow us to isolate the optimal stem cells immediately after harvesting the bone marrow.
In addition to optimizing our cell sorting system, we will identify between-horse
variation in stem cell markers. Donor cells implanted into one horse from another, can
cause a significant immune response. This is important because some cell surface
markers are associated with attack of the donor cells by the immune system of the
recipient. Some horses lack these markers and are less likely to cause rejection by the
recipient's immune system. It is our intention to identify horses lacking the cell surface
markers that cause this immune response, as potential universal donors for equine
patients.

Abstract:

Although Thoroughbred racing is the largest of the three racing codes in New Zealand, the Harness racing industry in New Zealand is ranked 10th out of 22 countries that participate in the sport. Unlike Thoroughbred racing, there has been little attention focused internationally or nationally on the production or management practices of Standardbred racehorses or issues surrounding wastage in the harness racing industry. The way horses are managed and raced is different between the two industries, which means the knowledge of breeding, training practices and factors associated with wastage in the Thoroughbred industry cannot be easily applied to the Standardbred racehorses. The aim of the project is to describe the current stud farm management and training practices of Standardbred racehorses in New Zealand; providing information that will enhance our understanding of the way horses are managed in the harness racing industry in New Zealand. This information may then be used as a foundation upon which future investigations may be based to explore ways and means to mitigate wastage in this industry.

Abstract:

The early diagnosis, prevention, and management of joint disease are priorities for the New Zealand performance horse. There are advances in molecular, genetic and other serum and synovial fluid biomarkers for the prediction, early diagnosis and staging of musculoskeletal disease in horses, but they have not generally translated into routine use. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of joint fluid is a sensitive and specific biomarker method for the diagnosis of traumatic arthritis and osteochondrosis, requiring only a few drops of fluid. It is an economic, rapid and potentially accurate tool that has been shown to have potential in equine joint disease. Our program aims to develop FTIR as a practical, economic and method for the routine screening of competitive horses for the early detection of joint disease. A proof of concept study in rabbits with osteoarthritis, has demonstrated the potential to detect arthritis with the FTIR analysis of serum. Our objective is to develop this for the performance horse. We will study arthritis in young Thoroughbreds using an internationally accepted approach, and compare samples by infrared analysis to identify serum FTIR-based biomarkers to predict osteoarthritis, from early to chronic disease, over 70 days. The findings will be translated for use with trainers and owners, to monitor their racehorses in training and racing for early indications of joint disease.

Abstract:

An increasing number of equine atypical myopathy cases have been presumptively diagnosed in New Zealand. An aetiology has only recently been discovered and therefore only a presumptive diagnosis has been made by New Zealand practitioners. By proving (or otherwise) that Hypoglycin A is present in the foliage of New Zealand Acer spp. this will confirm (or not) that atypical myopathy is a syndrome that New Zealand practitioners need to be aware of when preparing differential diagnosis for horses with clinical signs associated with a pasture myopathy.

Abstract:

The purpose of this application is to request funding for equipment
required to develop a state-of-the-art motion analysis facility. The keystones of this lab will be
a series of force platforms and a camera system for measuring the 3D forces and motions
inherent in locomotion. As the lab develops, we will add to our capabilities with additional
equipment for measuring muscle activity, and with additional cameras to enable us to record
motion of animals in a larger measurement area. Briefly, reflective markers are attached to the
animal's limbs, allowing the camera system to record the position of the body segments in 3D
space. The positions of the segments are combined in an inverse dynamics model with the
ground reaction forces measured under the foot by the force platforms, and 3D patterns of
mechanical work across the joints calculated. This is useful for detecting and tracking
lameness and for understanding the basic science behind limb and joint behaviour during
locomotor activities, which is critical for understanding the mechanisms of breakdown.

Abstract:

In recent years, resistance to deworming products has been described for the major gastrointestinal parasites that affect horses. Therefore, some treatments available to treat parasite burdens in horses may no longer be effective. High parasite burdens may affect the health, performance and welfare of horses. Often, many horses are treated when they don't need to be or they may not be treated effectively when they do actually need it. Parasite management strategies are important within the racing and breeding industry due to the high value of the horses and the number of horses involved. This project aims to understand the current parasite control practices within the racing and breeding industry in New Zealand and assess whether resistance to deworming products is present. This study will benefit the breeding and racing industry in New Zealand long term through reduced reliance on deworming products, reduced associated costs, and improved animal welfare and production levels.

Abstract:

With declining foal crops, both the Thoroughbred and Standardbred industries face and immediate challenge to minimise wastage and have production and management processes that maximise the number of horses that are able to successfully race. Data from overseas has indicated that limb deformities in foals (development orthopaedic disease) are a major reason for loss. In some cases foals with angular limb deformities prior to weanling were found to be 5 - 7 times more likely to have unacceptable conformation, rendering yearlings not presentable for sale. However, it is not only the significance (i.e. incidence and morbidity) of the disease that requires quantification but the value of the interventions used, which range from conservative to surgical. The current study aims to survey commercial breeding farms in New Zealand to obtain data on the level of angular and flexural limb deformities observed at discrete developmental time points, namely at birth, at 6-8 weeks, weaning and prior to yearling preparation. The study will provide data on the prevalence of angular and flexural limb deformities on commercial breeding farms and will also provide data on the changes (improvement) in limb deformities that occur from birth through to yearling age.

Abstract:

Horses suffer from a variety of painful conditions that are challenging to treat. Laminitis and osteoarthritis in horses are diseases that have no cure and can cause significant chronic pain and suffering to horses. The possible treatment options for these conditions are limited, partly due to the complications associated with traditional pain medications but also due to the difficulty in diagnosing painful
conditions in horses. We are developing a thermal threshold tester that will allow us to evaluate if horses suffering from conditions that result in chronic pain show decreased thermal thresholds. In humans and dogs there is evidence to suggest this is the case and if also true in horses it could make it easier for veterinarians to confidently diagnose chronic pain in horses and evaluate how well prescribed treatments are working.

Abstract:

In the body, the mineral calcium is controlled by three hormones: vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. In addition to the classical role of vitamin D in calcium and skeletal homeostasis, research over the last 10 years has indicated that vitamin D may also be involved in the immune system, autoimmune disease and neoplasia. There is also some evidence that low vitamin D is a risk factor for the propensity of bones to fracture. However, there is very little literature published on calcium control and vitamin D in horses, and there are substantial differences between horses and other mammalian species in the control of body calcium.

Abstract:

Objective 1- Create a statistical shape model of the metacarpo-phalangeal joint.

Objective 2- Create a statistical shape model of the fetlock joint to describe its bone mineral density.
Objective 3a - Predict joint morphology and bone mineral density using anthropometric and demographic measurements.
Objective 3b - Write journal manuscript, prepare figures, write paper

Abstract:

The objective of our study was to identify the major causes of late abortions and perinatal losses in New Zealand.

Abstract:

The locations of fracture predisposition sites are well established in the Thoroughbred racehorse. The purpose of this study was to compare the microstructure of articular calcified cartilage (ACC) at a particular fracture predisposition site and an adjacent control site in newborns and young, clinically healthy subjects. Specular reflectance Fourier transform infrared (SR FTIR) microspectroscopy was used to characterise third metatarsal bone samples from 30 young Thoroughbred horses, with the resulting data examined using discriminant analysis.

Abstract:

The aim of the project is to further understand the changes occurring at a microscopic level in the articular calcified cartilage (ACC) of the third carpal bone in thoroughbred horses. The third carpal bone is commonly injured in racehorses and these injuries are a significant cause of wastage from the thoroughbred racing industry. The microscopic changes occur before obvious bony injuries are seen. This project will determine the number of canals which penetrate the ACC. The number of these canals will be compared between three areas of the bone under different loading regimens, and between groups of strenuously exercised and gently exercised young thoroughbred horses. It is possible that these canals contain blood vessels (although this has yet to be proven). Previous studies show conflicting results on the effects of exercise on the number of canals seen. By looking specifically at the common site of injury and at sites we know are rarely injured it is hoped that we can further clarify this issue. By developing a better understanding of the microscopic effects of training on the bones of young horses we can begin to identify markers of overtraining as well as learning how to identify disease at an earlier stage.

Abstract:

A primary objective of the New Zealand Racing Board is to promote the health and welfare of the equine participants. As part of this programme the current project utilised a two prong approach to identify if, and how many, horses suffer an injury during racing that would be classified as a catastrophic musculoskeletal injury.

Abstract:

Musculo-skeletal injury is a common reason for loss of performance in the equine athlete and the fetlock is the most common site of joint disease. Morphological changes have been observed at sites of fracture initiation in the cannon bone of young Thoroughbred horses, even before the beginning of training. This suggests that there may be factors related to early bone and joint development that contribute to later musculo-skeletal problems, and that some individuals could be inherently predisposed to fracture. The aim of this project is to investigate changes in the chemical structure and composition (microstructure) of bone during normal growth and development in the young horse, and as a result of disease. The microstructure of bone is important to consider, since very minor variations in the bone mineral or collagen at the molecular level can change the properties of the whole bone, including its strength and ability to resist fracture.

Abstract:

The aims of this study were twofold:
1. To determine a 'reference interval' for AMH levels in mares and,
2. To examine whether a correlation exists between AMH concentrations, age of the mare and fertility

Abstract:

An important task of any research project is to make the results available to those who will be interested in the information, and have the potential to benefit from it. There is a need to make the results of Massey Equine Research more available and accessible to the racing and breeding industries. This project aims to create ways of transferring results of scientific projects to people within the industry. The methods will reflect those identified by respondents, in a survey on research information needs. This project will provide ways for people in the industry to find information on results of completed projects, updates of on-going projects and details of new projects. The new extension methods will facilitate the spread of knowledge throughout the industries, leading to increased awareness of research information and the potential for adaption of industry practices.

Abstract:

The aim of this project was to identify whether or not L. intracellularis infections are associated with clinical disease in selected equine studs.

Abstract:

Superficial digital flexor tendonitis is a significant cause of wastage within the horse industry; it is
responsible for 14% of all retirements in racing thoroughbreds. Studies probably still underestimate
true numbers as many cases occur during training and of those occurring during racing many remain
undetected until after the horse has left the racecourse.
The healing process in horse tendon remains to be fully elucidated. Following partial or complete
rupture, weak, type III collagen may replace normal strong, type I collagen. Scar tissue ( disorganised,
weak collagen and fibroblasts) persists for long periods of time and tendons are prone to repeated
damage. Currently there are no scientifically proven treatments that reliably restore animals to optimal
athletic ability. Whilst 20-60% of affected horses return to racing, recovery periods are often
prolonged and 40-80% of these horses suffer from re-injury. Optimising healing of tendon lesions is
essential for improving welfare and reducing financial impacts on the racing industry.
Connexin 43 gap junctions link cells and are involved in cell death, lesion spread, development and
healing. Modulation of connexin 43 gap junction communication has been shown to dramatically
accelerate and improve skin, tongue and corneal wound healing and reduce scar formation. Connexin
43 is also the prominent protein in gap junctions linking tendon fibroblasts cells.

Abstract:

A major concern for the New Zealand Thoroughbred industry is a steadily declining foal crop over the last decade. A direct result is declining field numbers, which result in decreased betting turnover, decreased returns to owners and breeders, and a contraction in the number of people involved in the breeding and ownership of Thoroughbreds. Identifying factors that limit reproductive performance will increase the production of viable foals and improve the economic performance of the Thoroughbred industry.

Abstract:

To determine the seasonal quality of pasture, by analysis of the botanical and chemical composition of pasture found on a selection of (n=26) commercial Thoroughbred and Standardbred farms in New Zealand during 2009.

Abstract:

Canine infectious tracheobronchitis is a term used to describe an acute, highly contagious respiratory disease that affects the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and occasionally the lower respiratory tract and parenchyma. The term “kennel cough” is the commonly used synonym, although Acute Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis (ACIT) is used here. Clinical signs range from very mild to severe, and reflect the localisation of infection to the respiratory mucosa. When mild, the dominant clinical sign is a dry sounding cough, but which is often associated with expectoration and gagging, and recovery usually occurs within 5-14 days. More severe forms have been reported as sporadic complicated cases, and as outbreaks of more serious disease. Secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia may develop in severely affected or immunocompromised dogs, and acute severe haemorrhagic forms have been described that may be associated with one or two single pathogens.

Abstract:

In order to obtain detailed information on the activities of individual yearlings during a sales preparation, a group of around 600 yearlings were followed through their sales preparations for the 2009 Karaka yearling sales. Eighteen farms recorded the activities of approximately 320 yearlings each day, in terms of the time spent exercising, the type of exercise and how long they spent in the paddock. The farms also noted any health problems and reasons why yearlings were not being exercised. Not all the yearlings were exercised: exercise data were recorded for 283 horses during the sales preparation. Forty-five percent of the yearlings studied were catalogued for the Premier sale, followed by the Select (40%) and Festival sales (13%).

Abstract:

Survey results were used to gather general information about the management and exercise of Thoroughbred yearlings during a sales preparation. The survey was conducted on North Island stud farms and asked questions about the preparation for the Karaka yearling sales in 2008. Seventy-five farms took part in the survey, which included 1,166 yearlings, representing 82% of those attending these sales. Most (66/75; 88%) of the farms that took part were located in the Northern Districts. The average number of yearlings per farm entering a sales preparation was 10. Most farms started their sales preparations in October or November and the average duration of a preparation was 12 weeks.

Abstract:

The study aims to prove the hypothesis that supplementary feeding foals good quality colostrum, before they stand, increases the wellbeing of the foal as measured by-:
-Time taken to stand and suckle. We have noted anecdotally that foals appear to get a boost of energy after this feed, standing and suckling sooner than foals in other seasons before this protocol was adopted.
-lgG levels in foals at 24hours should be higher in foals supplemented due to both early ingestion of good quality colostrum prior to getting up, also standing earlier and sucking from the mare sooner increasing both absorption and volume of colostrum consumed.
-Number of foal treatment days for (illness) in the first four weeks post birth should be less in supplemented foals due to early ingestion of colostrum (open gut theory) and increased volume and absorption of colostrum increasing the magnitude of immunological protection.
If the expected outcome(s) of this project hold true, then supplementary feeding of foals as outlined in this project should be adopted as standard management procedure on Equine Stud farms in NZ. Bottle feeding foals 150ml of good quality colostrum prior to standing is an easy and hopefully effective management tool for increasing the wellbeing of foals. During the course of the season only a handful of foals were unable to be bottle fed and despite initial trepidation by the stud staff, they all thought it was worth the extra effort involved.

Abstract:

Any microcracking in bone known to occur in exercising the young horse may be justified on the grounds that the subsequent remodelling processes can strengthen this bone. However, unless the rate of adaptive change keeps pace with the rate at which new cracks are formed there is likely to be a reduction in the strength of the system as a result of crack accumulation. These cracks coalesce to form a critical fracture line, sufficiently weakening the bone structure and increasing its susceptibility to sudden failure from continued activity. Such catastrophic injuries are the most common reason for euthanasia. Another important musculoskeletal condition of major concern to the equine industry is osteoarthritis (OA), a joint disease known to be responsible for over 60% of lost training days. Occurring naturally in horses, OA is one of the most economically important diseases facing equine practitioners. We hypothesis that a biomechanical link connects the pre-OA state of the joint to the adaptive changes in bone that strengthen it against major fracture. We will investigate to what extent the pre- to early OA state of the joint is causally associated with the adaptive changes arising from exercise.

Abstract:

Tenocytes (tendon fibroblasts) within the injury-prone metacarpal core of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) experience episodes of hyperthermia and high (cyclical) mechanical strain during galloping. This does not occur in the anatomically adjacent and non-injury-prone deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT). Based on our pilot work, temperatures of 45°C and above are proposed to cause tendon cell death, damage and dysfunction, with these effects being mediated and/or spread within the cellular networks by connexin 43 gap junctions. The intention of this study is to determine possible protective effects of mild cold shocks, applied before or after short episodes of the conditions experienced during exercise (i.e. hyperthermia and mechanical strain), in preventing (i) cellular detection of damage and (ii) spread of "death signals" via their gap junctions. These effects are being compared between cell cultures from the SDFT and DDFT.

Abstract:

To determine changes occurring during early life in the tissues of bones and joints of racehorses, to investigate if alterations in the tissues predisposing to injury might already be present before training, and to quantify how much tissues change with training and withdrawal from training.

Abstract:

To determine the effect of early training and career racing on bone remodelling in the hock joint of racing greyhounds.

Abstract:

The proposed study will extend our knowledge of equine respiratory viruses into potentially new or unculturable agents. This, in turn, would allow for future development of specific diagnostic assays and for better evaluation of the role that various viruses may play in development of respiratory disease. The possible long-term benefits of the proposed study include improvement in disease management and minimisation of wastage due to viral respiratory infections among New Zealand horses. An additional benefit of the proposed study will be an introduction of a platform technology able to quickly identify unknown viruses from any clinical sample. Although nasal swabs will be used for the purpose of the present study, the technique could be easily extended into other types of samples such as blood or tissues.

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 2-year-old training milestones on career length and success in Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses

Abstract:

This project will document the syndrome caused by ingestion of known quantities of lolitrem-B, peramine tremogens by New Zealand ponies.

Abstract:

The overall objective of the proposed research is to characterise the neurotoxic activity of flatweed (Hypochoeris radicata), a plant that is purported to cause the outbreak form of bilateral equine stringhalt. Stringhalt is a condition of horses characterized by abrupt hyperflexion of one or both pelvic limbs at the onset of the swing phase of the stride. The classic form of stringhalt involves a single pelvic limb whereas the outbreak form affects both. Stringhalt is reported worldwide but the bilateral (outbreak) form is most common in New Zealand and Australia. At least 20 cases occurred in the western Manawatu in early 2008; one affected horse was forced to abandon Olympic preparations. Onset is sudden and an affected horse may become so disabled that it is unable to move either forward or backward. There is atrophy of pelvic limb musculature reflecting a distal peripheral axonopathy that is most pronounced in the peroneal and tibial nerves. Once removed from offending pastures, affected horses recover gradually over months although deaths are reported.